The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that carries messages between the brain and the rest of the body.
Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is due to a traumatic injury that can either result in a bruise (also called a contusion), a partial tear, or a complete tear (called a transection) in the spinal cord. SCI is more common in men and young adults.
There are about 12,000 new cases of SCI each year. The number of people in the U.S. in 2008 living with a spinal cord injury was approximately 259,000.
SCI results in a decreased or absence of movement, sensation, and body organ function below the level of the injury. The most common sites of injury are the cervical and thoracic areas. SCI is a common cause of permanent disability and death in children and adults.
The spine consists of 33 vertebrae, including the following:
* By adulthood, the five sacral vertebrae fuse to form one bone, and the four coccygeal vertebrae fuse to form one bone.)
These vertebrae function to stabilize the spine and protect the spinal cord. In general, the higher in the spinal column the injury occurs, the more dysfunction a person will have.
Injury to the vertebrae does not always mean the spinal cord has been damaged. Likewise, damage to the spinal cord itself can occur without fractures or dislocations of the vertebrae.
SCI can be divided into two main types of injury:
There are many causes of SCI. The more common injuries occur when the area of the spine or neck is bent or compressed, as in the following:
Symptoms vary depending on the severity and location of the SCI. At first, the patient may experience spinal shock, which causes loss of feeling, muscle movement, and reflexes below the level of injury. Spinal shock usually lasts from several hours to several weeks. As the period of shock subsides, other symptoms appear, depending on the location of the injury.
Generally, the higher up the level of the injury to the spinal cord, the more severe the symptoms. For example, an injury at C2 or C3 (the second and third vertebrae in the spinal column), affects the respiratory muscles and the ability to breathe. A lower injury, in the lumbar vertebrae, may affect nerve and muscle control to the bladder, bowel, and legs.
SCI is classified according to the person's type of loss of motor and sensory function. The following are the main types of classifications:
The following are the most common symptoms of acute spinal cord injuries. However, each individual may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
The symptoms of SCI may resemble other medical conditions or problems. Always consult your doctor for a diagnosis.
The following chart is a comparison of the specific level of SCI and the resulting rehabilitation potential. This chart is a guide, with general information only; impairments and rehabilitation potential can vary depending on the type and severity of SCI. Always consult your doctor for more specific information based on your individual medical condition and injury.
Level of injury |
Possible impairment |
Rehabilitation potential |
---|---|---|
C2 - C3 |
Usually fatal as a result of inability to breathe |
Totally dependent for all care |
C4 |
Quadriplegia and breathing difficulty |
Dependent for all cares; usually needs a ventilator |
C-5 |
Quadriplegia with some shoulder and elbow function |
May be able to feed self using assistive devices; usually can breathe without a ventilator, but may need other types of respiratory support |
C6 |
Quadriplegia with shoulder, elbow, and some wrist function |
May be able to propel a wheelchair inside on smooth surfaces; may be able to help feed, groom, and dress self; dependent on others for transfers |
C7 |
Quadriplegia with shoulder, elbow, wrist, and some hand function |
May be able to propel a wheelchair outside, transfer self, and drive a car with special adaptions; may be able to help with bowel and bladder programs |
C8 |
Quadriplegia with normal arm function; hand weakness |
May be able to propel a wheelchair outside, transfer self, and drive a car with special adaptions; may be able to help with bowel and bladder programs |
T1 - T6 |
Paraplegia with loss of function below mid-chest; full control of arms |
Independent with self-care and in wheelchair; able to be employed full time |
T6 - T12 |
Paraplegia with loss of function below the waist; good control of torso |
Good sitting balance; greater ability for operation of a wheelchair and athletic activities |
L1 - L5 |
Paraplegia with varying degrees of muscle involvement in the legs |
May be able to walk short distances with braces and assistive devices |
Rehabilitation of the patient with a SCI begins during the acute treatment phase. As the patient's condition improves, a more extensive rehabilitation program is often begun.
The success of rehabilitation depends on many variables, including the following:
It is important to focus on maximizing the patient's capabilities at home and in the community. Positive reinforcement helps recovery by improving self-esteem and promoting independence.
The goal of SCI rehabilitation is to help the patient return to the highest level of function and independence possible, while improving the overall quality of life - physically, emotionally, and socially.
Areas covered in spinal cord injury rehabilitation programs may include:
Patient need |
Example |
---|---|
Self-care skills, including activities of daily living (ADLs) |
Feeding, grooming, bathing, dressing, toileting, and sexual functioning |
Physical care |
Support of heart and lung function, nutritional needs, and skin care |
Mobility skills |
Walking, transfers, and self-propelling a wheelchair |
Respiratory care |
Ventilator care, if needed; breathing treatments and exercises to promote lung function |
Communication skills |
Speech, writing, and alternative methods of communication |
Socialization skills |
Interacting with others at home and within the community |
Vocational training |
Work-related skills |
Pain and muscle spasticity (increased muscle tone) management |
Medications and alternative methods of managing pain and spasticity |
Psychological counseling |
Identifying problems and solutions for thinking, behavioral, and emotional issues |
Family support |
Assistance with adapting to lifestyle changes, financial concerns, and discharge planning |
Education |
Patient and family education and training about SCI, home care needs, and adaptive techniques |
The spinal cord injury rehabilitation team revolves around the patient and family and helps set short-and long-term treatment goals for recovery. Many skilled professionals are part of the spinal cord injury rehabilitation team, including any or all of the following:
There are a variety of spinal cord injury treatment programs, including the following:
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